低酚陆地棉育种亲本配合力的研究

选择８个现代低酚陆地棉育种亲本（包括４个高酚棉和４个低酚棉品种），按４×４不完全双列杂交设计，对１６个组合的Ｆ×进行了双列分析。结果表明，在所研究的１０个性状中，子棉产量、皮棉产量和纤维整齐度主要受非加性基因控制，单铃重、衣分、比强度、２．５％跨长和麦克隆值则主要由加性基因控制，衣指由加性和非加性基因共同控制，而子指受环境的影响较大；在大多数性状上，高酚棉亲本的加性遗传方差比低酚棉亲本贡献大，而在２．５％跨长和麦克隆值２个性状上，低酚棉亲本的加性遗传方差起着更重要的作用；中７８８６是综合性状比较理想的亲本材料，冀合２２５是较好的高产亲本，冀无２５２和中无１５１是较好的优质低酚棉亲本。综合一般配合力和特殊配合力分析结果，组合中７８８６×冀无２５２可具较好的育种潜力。     

大类招生下机械电子工程专业学生实践和创新能力的研究与应用

文章从学生实践能力和创新能力两个核心能力培养方面进行了理论研究与实践探索。首先简要介绍了专业概况与研究背景,然后对几个核心概念进行了定义与解释,最后结合齐齐哈尔大学的一些做法与经验提出了大类招生下机械电子工程专业学生实践和创新能力培养的建议。     

Pistillate-parental differences and the ability to produce interspecific hybrids between Lycopersicon esculentum and 'peruvianum-complex' species (L. peruvianum and L. chilense)

To overcome the cross-breeding barriers between the cultivated tomato Lycopersicon esculentum and the ‘peruvianum-complex’, hybrid production ability (HPA) and pistillate-parental differences were investigated. As a criterion of HPA, the number of germinated ovules per fruit (GPF) was used. GPF was expressed as GPF = OPF × GPO, where OPF is the number of ovules per fruit, and GPO is the proportion of germinated ovules to total ovules obtained. The interspecific crossing between nine varieties and three ‘peruvianum-complex’ accessions revealed that the cultivars ‘Sekaiichi’,‘Ponde Rooza’ and ‘Early Pink’ showed quite high and stable GPF over the years, but the cv.‘Best of All’ produced no hybrids. Variance analysis for GPF, OPF and GPO, and their correlation with seven sexual organ morphological traits and three fruit morphological traits were performed. These results indicated that choosing both the pistillate parents with wider reproductive organs for high OPF and appropriate environmental conditions for high GPO might be significant for enhancing GPF in interspecific crossing.     

Genetic variability and inheritance of aluminium tolerance as indicated by long root regrowth in lucerne (Medicago sativa L.)

The objective of this study was to quantify the genetic variability and determine the inheritance of Al tolerance in lucerne (or alfalfa) using a 4-parent diallel mating design. Regrowth root length (RRL), along with root length (RL) and total root length (TRL), was measured to indicate relative Al stress response using a hydroponic system in a 3 μM Al solution at pH 4.5. A diallel analysis indicated the significance of general combining ability (gca) variance for RRL but not the specific combining ability (sca) variance; the same result was obtained for TRL but not for RL. For both RRL and TRL, genetic variance appeared to be more important than the environmental variance. For RRL, a strong but non-significant correlation was indicated between parental performance and their gca effects; while mid-parent heterosis and/or over-dominance were detected, as associated with the expressed sca effects in several combinations. These results suggest the complex genetic nature and expression of Al tolerance in the 4-parent diallel crossing system tested. Al-tolerant parent, GAAT‘S’, was the most promising parent, conferring the highest gca effects for RRL as well as for other two characters. The existence of significant gca variance in RRL may also suggest the feasibility of improving Al tolerance through enhanced root regrowth using phenotypic recurrent mass selection to pyramid desirable Al-tolerant genes, focussing on parental lines and/or elite individual plants expressing long regrowth roots.     

Genetic Variability for Grain Yield and Protein Content in Barley and Its Modification by Net Blotch

Protein content, yield and 1000-grain weight of healthy and net blotch-diseased plants were studied in a diallel cross programme concerning nine different varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). F₁ hybrids and their parents were grown in the field in two randomized block design experiments each with three replications (three inoculated and three non-inoculated plots). General and specific combining abilities were determined for yield, protein percentage, 1000 grain weight, protein yield, and non-protein yield. A high genetic variability for the traits studied was observed. Non-protein yield and 1000-grain weight decreased significantly in inoculated plants where protein yield was not affected. Significant general and specific combining abilities were observed for all traits. Values for general and specific combining abilities were, in some cases, significantly modified by net blotch of barley. This indicates that attention must be paid to the danger of drawing conclusions in quantitative genetics studies dealing with both diseased and healthy plants.     

特优559产量构成因素及丰产稳产性分析

应用数理统计方法对特优559产量构成因(?)及丰产稳产性进行了分析,结果表明:特优559丰产性、稳产性好,适应性强。产量构成因素中以穗数与产量的关系最为密切,对产量的作用最大,其次是每穗总粒数,再次是结实率,千粒重对产量的作用不大。揭示其高产途径和主攻目标是“攻足穗,争大穗,提高结实率,稳定粒重”,使穗、粒、重协调发展,夺取高产。     

大豆亲本品种数量性状的配合力分析

采用6个大豆亲本双列杂交设计,研究亲本及F_1、F_2的配合力.各性状的一般和特殊配合力方差分析多达显著水平.一般配合力效应表现较好的有豫豆6号和郑8431.在F_1和F_2中同一性状不同组合或同一组合不同性状间的特殊配合力效应具有显著差异.在不同世代中根据遗传力的大小,应对不同性状进行选择.单株粒重遗传力较低,不易在早期世代选择.     

Breeding of widely compatible restorer lines in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through anther culture

Following anther culture of various F₁ hybrids of indica restorer (R) lines/wide compatible varieties (WCVs) and japonica R lines/WCVs, the homozygous diploid plants (2n) generated were test-crossed with indica WA type cytoplasmic-genetic male sterile (CMS) line Zhanshan 97A (WA), indica testers Nanjing 11 and Nante, japonica BT CMS line Hanfeng A (BT), and japonica testers Balilla and Akihikari to identify widely compatible restorer lines. The results of this study showed that among the diploid pollen plants generated from F₁ hybrids of indica R lines/WCVs, 36.7% and 64.7% possessed normal fertility restoration ability (rate of seed-setting > 80%) to Hanfeng A and Zhanshan 97A, respectively. 71.3% and 32.3% had normal fertility restoration ability to Hanfeng A and Zhanshan 97A, respectively, in diploid pollen plants derived from the japonica R lines/WCVs F₁'s anther culture. Several widely compatible R lines were selected from anther culture of F₁ hybrids of indica R lines/WCVs and japonica R lines/WCVs. These widely compatible R lines derived from diploid pollen plants showed good wide compatibility and restoration ability both to WA and BT type CMS lines. Strong standard heterosis of major agronomic traits and yield traits was observed in F₁ test-crosses of widely compatible R lines with Hanfeng A and Zhanshan 97A. The wide compatibility in widely compatible R lines H17, H158 and H281 was studied by a set of three-way crosses. Segregation of the fertile plants with seed-setting rate > 70% and semi-fertile plants with seed-setting rate > 69.9% agreed with a ratio of 1:1, indicating that wide compatibility in these widely compatible R lines is governed by a pair of major genes. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

水稻籽粒蛋白质、游离氨基酸含量的配合力与杂种优势分析

利用两组5×5双列杂交,以 Griffing模型Ⅰ分析籽粒蛋白质、游离氨基酸含量的配合力与杂种优势表现。结果表明:1.蛋白质、游离氨基酸含量均受加性和非加性基因效应的共同作用,但蛋白质以加性效应为主,游离氨基酸以非加性效应为主;2.蛋白质不存在显著的胞质效应,而游离氨基酸则存在极显著的胞质效应;3.蛋白质杂种优势较小,其最强的组合超中亲优势值仅为13.75％,而游离氨基酸存在强大的杂种优势,最高的组合可达155.17％;4.蛋白质、游离氨基酸一般配合力间存在极显著线性关系,在一般配合力改良上可同步进行; 5.京香1号、培矮64、IR58、Mcp231-2具有较高的一般配合力和较大的特殊配合力方差,可作为优良亲本利用。     

Diallel study of open-pollinated maize varieties in Trinidad

Summary In Trinidad, maize (Zea mays L.) is primarily harvested in the immature stage as green ears for human consumption. The purchase of popular imported hybrid seed has become a substantial component of the economic inputs of maize production. The objectives of this study were to investigate combining abilities and heterotic patterns among available open-pollinated varieties and to assess correlations among five important traits: time to silking, plant height, grain yield, ear size, and marketable ears per hectare. General combining ability was significant for all traits. Specific combining ability was significant for all traits except ear size. Three intervarietal crosses showed moderate levels of heterosis (10–27%), and several yielded similarly to the control hybrids, Pioneer X304 and Pioneer 3078. The cross Acid Soil Tolerant 1991 SA-3 X ICTA Farm Corn was selected as the most suitable base population for mass selection. Phenotypic and genotypic correlations among the five traits studied were all positive and significant. Populations which flowered early were shorter and yielded less than the late flowering and taller populations and population crosses included in this study.